This volume is the outcome of a PRIN 2017 research project devoted to reconstructing the political, ideological, cultural, and socio-economic networks through which the international communist movement engaged with anticolonial and anti-imperialist movements in Africa from the 1920s to the early 1970s. Bringing together national case studies and transnational perspectives, the essays examine encounters and strategies, contradictions and failures that shaped the project of an ‘alternative globalization’ embodied by communism across a historical period marked by the world wars, the Cold War, and decolonization.